翻译的标准 The criteria(standard)of translation

　　信达雅 Fidelity(faithfulness) Fluency(expressiveness) Elegance(flair)

　　透彻的理解 have a thorough understanding

　　准确的表达 precise(accurate) expression

　　意译 free (liberal) translation

　　直译 literal translation

　　死译 word-for-word translation

　　活译 dynamic equivalence translation

　　重译 repetition

　　增译 (contextual) amplification

　　减译 omission

　　词类转移 conversion

　　词序调整 inversion

　　分译 division

　　正说反译/反说正译 negation

　　语态变换 the change of the voice

　　归化/异化 Foreignizing/ Alienation; Domesticating/ Adaptation

　　对等 equivalence

　　形式对等 formal correspondence

　　动态(灵活)对等 dynamic equivalence

　　意义对等 equivalence in terms of meaning

　　风格对等 equivalence in terms of style

　　意合 Parataxis

　　形合 Hypotaxis

　　欠额翻译(过载翻译)under translation (overloaded translation)

　　校核 rectification

　　释义 paraphrase

　　翻译学 translatology

　　翻译科学 science of translating

　　神似 be alike in spirit (be an excellent likeness)

　　化镜 sublimity (perfection)

　　已入化境 reach(attain) perfection

　　和谐 harmonious

　　和谐一致 in perfect harmony

　　不仅形似而且神似 be alike not only in appearance(form) but also in spirit

　　宁信而不雅 It is better to be faithful than to be elegant

　　宁顺而不信，宁信而不顺

　　It is better to have a smooth version than a faithful one

　　Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language)

　　保持原文的丰姿 keep the full flavor of the original work

　　忠实通顺 Faithful(ness) and smooth(ness) (clear and coherent)

　　忠实的译文 translation true to the original

　　忠实于原文 true(faithful) to the original

　　句子不通 the sentence doesn’t read smoothly

　　他的翻译通顺易懂 his interpretation is coherent and intelligible

　　(泰特勒Tytler提出的)翻译三原则：

　　1， 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容

　　That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work

　　2， 译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同

　　That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original

　　3， 译文应象原文一样自然流畅

　　That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition

　　Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have

　　1. a good command of the source language

　　2. a good command of the target language

　　3. a wide range and scope of knowledge

　　4. a high political consciousness

　　5. a necessary knowledge of basic techniques (skills) used in translation